G. Kohler and C. Milstein in 1975 first discovered the hybridoma technology. It is used for producing hybrid cells by fusing B-lymphocyte with tumour or myeloma cells. The hybrid cells produced using hybridoma technology, are either cultured in la…
An elevated activity of normal immune system that damages the body tissues is known as hypersensitivity . Hypersensitivity, also termed as hypersensitivity reaction refers to inappropriate immune responses (like damaging. discomforting, and sometime…
An antigen is any foreign molecule that interact with cells of immune system and could induce an immune response. Antibodies are globular proteins or immunoglobulins that react specifically with antigen that stimulated their production. These a…
Antigens induce an immune response inside the body. Most of these antigens are large protein molecules some are polysaccharides and a few are glycoproteins or nucleoproteins. Self antigens are the antigens which are found on the membranes of almos…
Immunogenicity is an substance that induces an immune response and antigen is any substance that is capable of binding specifically to the components of the immune system such as to the antibodies. Nowadays the terms antigen and immunogens are use…
Here we will understand about two more confusing terms in immunology. These are antigenicity and immunogenicity. To understand these terms we should have an idea about how adaptive immune response works. How adaptive immune system works? Main cell…
Despite being surrounded by harmful microorganisms, toxins, and the threat of our own cells turning into tumor cells, humans manage to survive, largely thanks to our immune system . The immune system is made up of organs, tissues, cells and mol…
Natural killer(NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes. They are Non-phagocytic cells. The granules of natural killer cells contains preformed biologically potent molecules. • The concentration of NK cells of total Lymphocytes is 5% to 10%. • S…
Antibodies derived from multiple B-cell clones are known as polyclonal antibodies. Polyclonal antibodies are heterogeneous mixture of antibodies. Each Polyclonal antibodies recognising a different epitope on the same antigen . • Polyclonal antibod…
When we have an injury such as a cut or burn microbes gat an opportunity to penetrate our body. Thus this succeed in crossing the first line of defense that is skin and now microbes encounter second line of defense which comprises of our body's…
The First line of defence is the part of Innate immune system. The function of first line of defense is to prevent pathogens from entering the body. The first line of defense is formed by skin and mucous membranes (of respiratory system, gastrointes…
Immunoglobulin D (IgD) IgD is membrane bound immunoglobulins they are found on a surface of mature naive B-cells. • Structurally Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is a monomer. • It has 2 Delta (δ) heavy chains and two light chains. • Each heavy …
IgM is the membrane bound immunoglobulin. IgM is found on a surface of mature naive B-cells. • Immunoglobulin M constitutes about 5 to 10% of the antibody concentration in the serum. • Molecular weight of Pentameric IgM is 970 kDa. Each subunit m…
